It is July 1945. Two young Jewish survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp are on board the RMS Mataroa headed for Haifa, Palestine where they will be reunited with family.
At the end of the War, David met 16-year-old Izzy, who told him the story of how he had survived the Holocaust. David recalls,
He was a tough kid… he had a bullet in his leg one time, a little .22. And he dug it out with a spoon…. Twelve-and-a-half when he went in. And he was 16 then. He was in four years….he went from one camp to another, and when he befriended this one German guard. He was a Wehrmacht, an elderly soldier. He took a liking to Izzy. He gave him an extra piece of bread or something. That’s how he survived. And, uh, one day he went over to Izzy and he said, you better try to escape…. He says, they’re moving all the people from the camp into Althausen, where there was a gas chamber. And they gonna gas’em, rather than let them live….So Izzy became friendly with another kid, …Morty, his name was. And he said to Morty, look, they’re gonna put us in the…they put them in these cattle cars. And there was a window about this big [gesturing]…. And he told Morty, he says, when the train goes around the bend, we’ll jump out. The reason then, there’s a guard on top of the train, and if anyone tried to jump out, they would shoot them. But he…when they went around the bend, they would be here [gesturing], the other part of the train would be here, you know? So, he says, jump out and roll into a ditch. He was a little kid. He was, you know, what we call “street wise” but he survived.
Before he immigrated to the United States, Holocaust survivor Tobiasz Gross was issued a Certificate of Identity in Lieu of Passport, because his birth certificate and other personal papers had been, “confiscated during incarceration in concentration camp.”
Following the end of World War II, many Europeans no longer had a home to which they could return. About one-eighth of these approximately eight million displaced persons, or DPs (which included Holocaust survivors), were residing in refugee camps. In December 1945, President Truman issued a directive which would hasten the admission of forty-one thousand displaced persons to the United States while adhering to the requirements of nation’s current immigration laws. He began this directive,
The grave dislocation of populations in Europe resulting from the war has produced human suffering that the people of the United States cannot and will not ignore. This Government should take every possible measure to facilitate full immigration to the United States under existing quota laws.1
1President Harry S. Truman, “Statement and Directive by the President on Immigration to the United States of Certain Displaced Persons and Refugees in Europe,” December 22, 1945, http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=515 Retrieved June 22, 2009
An advertisement published in a Jewish refugee newspaper by HIAS (the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) reads: “HIAS (HICEM) representatives in all parts of the world search for relatives in all countries of the world. Individual help in searching for relatives. Collective telegrams, information about further emigration. Reliable information about immigration requirements as well as living conditions in overseas countries. Central Shanghai office, 24 Central Road, Room 206; Branch office in Hongkew, 599 Tongshan Road, House 92.”
When Izzy arrived in the Bronx, New York, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) helped him to find a job as an apprentice painter. HIAS assisted Jewish DPs (Displaced Persons) in a variety of ways. In addition to aiding new immigrants with job placement, HIAS provided temporary housing for recent immigrants, helped Jewish refugees to locate relatives, and also served as a VOLAG (voluntary agency), providing the required financial sponsorship for persons hoping to immigrate to the United States.
In November 1946, the American Joint Distribution Committee sent a letter to a Mendel Rosenblit of Munich on behalf of Ester Frenkel, who was looking for a Holocaust survivor of the same name.
One of the many problems faced by Holocaust survivors was the difficulty in locating friends and relatives following the War. David recalls that Izzy’s “mother and father, three sisters and two brothers….were all wiped out” in the concentration camps. After the War, Izzy only ever found one surviving relative, a cousin who was then living in Antwerp, Belgium. Agencies such as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the Red Cross and the Personal Service Bureau of the American Joint Distribution Committee assisted survivors in locating their loved ones.
President Clinton, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Elie Wiesel, and Harvey Meyerhoff, Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, light the eternal flame at the dedication of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on April 22, 1993.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is “a living memorial to the Holocaust,” which “stimulates leaders and citizens to confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.”2 Holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel was instrumental in the building of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and spoke at the dedication. On April 12, 1999, at an event commemorating the fifty-fourth anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp at Buchenwald, Elie Wiesel again spoke, this time, about “The Perils of Indifference”:
What is indifference? Etymologically, the word means “no difference.” A strange and unnatural state in which the lines blur between light and darkness, dusk and dawn, crime and punishment, cruelty and compassion, good and evil. What are its course and inescapable consequences? Is it a philosophy? Is there a philosophy of indifference as a virtue? Is it necessary at times to practice it simply to keep one’s sanity, live normally, enjoy a fine meal and a glass of wine as the world around us experiences harrowing upheavals? …In a way, to be indifferent to that suffering is what makes the human being inhuman. Indifference, after all is more dangerous than anger and hatred….indifference is always the friend of the enemy, for it benefits the aggressor–never his victim, whose pain is magnified when he or she feels forgotten…Indifference, then, is not only sin, it is a punishment.3
2“About the Museum”, from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Web site, www.ushmm.org/museum/mission/ retrieved June 17, 2009.
3Elie Wiesel, “The Perils of Indifference,” speech delivered in Washington, D.C. on April 12, 1999. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ewieselperilsofindifference.html retrieved June 22, 2009.