The Great Awakening of the 1730s to 1760s (also called the first Great Awakening) was a religious revival that began within Protestantism. The earliest manifestations appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. By the early 1740s the revival had spread to New England. There, the dynamic and stunning preaching style of Northampton, Massachusetts, minister Jonathan Edwards electrified congregations. His preaching was filled with warnings of eternal torment and promoted a healthy fear of the withdrawal of God’s favor, as typified by his masterpiece, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” The movement spread to England and was influential in the creation of the Methodist movement. Some historians have called the movement the beginning of American consciousness, although others disagree; it did, though, stimulate the creation of a number of colleges, including King’s College in New York (now Columbia), Princeton University, and Brown University. Each was run by a specific Protestant church and intended to create ministers and missionaries. The Great Awakening was the beginning of a new, dynamic form of Christianity.