In the 18th century a leader would “line out,” or read a psalm one line or two at a time. The congregation would then sing it back, often to several different tunes at once. Perhaps in reaction to the discordant and confusing effects, itinerant singing masters began to appear in New England towns. They taught music, composed hymns, and organized church choirs. Although his singing master told him to give up trying to learn to sing, Justin Hitchcock (1752-1822) of Deerfield, Massachusetts, persevered and eventually became an accomplished musician, leading the church choir and tuning them with this wooden pitch pipe.