American westward expansion and settlement continued to devastate Indigenous nations and economies at the turn of the 20th century. Meanwhile, White people often romantically viewed Native Americans as though they were a vanished race, part of the primitive past. This romantic view often co-existed with a growing fascination with “natural,” or “untamed” landscapes. White tourists thought buying Indigenous-made crafts provided them the opportunity to connect with nature and Indigneous cultures. However, these limited interactions did little to communicate the richness and autonomy of these cultures to White consumers.