Following the Civil War (1861-1865), reformers applauded the appearance of public gymnasiums and health facilities in many cities. Morris Bornstein’s manual was one of several instructing American men and women in the use of Indian clubs and dumbbells to achieve the ideal physique for the times. To some, physical fitness was a sign of moral and physical strength.
Bornstein, Morris. Manual of Instruction in the Use of Dumb Bells and Indian Clubs & Other Exercises. 1880. Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, American Centuries. https://americancenturies.org/collection/l98-055/. Accessed on October 16, 2024.
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