Native Americans and African Americans 1780-1820

Details

Author
Mary Gene Devlin, Bette Schmitt
Topic/Subject Area
Native American; Slavery, Indenture; Politics, Government, Law, Civics
Historical Era
The New Nation, 1784–1815
Grade Level
Elementary (K–5), Middle School (6–8)
Creation Date
2000
Last Revision Date
2024

Related items

About This Lesson

Summary and Objective

Unit Central Questions:

What do primary and secondary sources teach us about the characteristics of “everyday life” of individuals living in Deerfield at the four turns of the centuries? What do these characteristics reveal about changes in the town since its beginning as an English settlement?

Key Content Ideas Taught in this Lesson and Teacher Background

In Massachusetts slavery was never officially abolished. It died out slowly so that by 1820, most, if not all, enslaved people in the state had gained their freedom. However, many continued to lead marginalized lives.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, as their homelands were taken over by English settlers, many Indigenous people such as the Pocumtucks moved away to be further from White settlements. Others chose to remain but usually lived on the outskirts. One hundred years later, Indigenous people who had moved away continued to travel through their ancient homelands, connected through ties of kinship, culture, and tradition. Some made baskets and brooms to sell during their travels and others offered to recane chair seats. Those who remained in the area did the same and might also work in White households or on farms if they did not have their own. Few in number and often among the economically deprived, they, like African American residents, lived what seemed to their White neighbors to be marginal existences.

For more information, read: Native Americans and African Americans: 1780-1820

Intended Learning Outcomes

Understandings:

Students will understand that:

  1. It is hard to find evidence of African Americans and Indigenous people in the records and primary and secondary sources. Often, not much information can be found, but by examining a variety of sources, a little more can be learned about the lives of these people.
Skills:

Students will be able to:

  1. Read and interpret a 1790 census record.

Materials & Resources

Primary and Secondary Sources:
  1. Essay: Native Americans and African Americans, 1780-1820
  2. Selected pages from the 1790 United States Census’s “Heads of Families” showing the population of Deerfield.
  3. Basket with Cover

Teaching Plan

In Preparation for Teaching
  1. Read teacher background essays
  2. Make copies of census for students.
Activities

Activity 1

  1. Pass out copies of the 1790 census and ask students to note the headings.
  2. The second column lists free White males over age 16. Who might be living in the households in addition to family members? (servants, boarders, and other workers).
  3. The third column lists free White males under 16 years of age. Who might this include other than family members? (apprentices, indentured servants, household and farm workers).
  4. Have students compare the last two columns. What can they surmise? (African Americans in Deerfield were now free.)
  5. Ask who might be included in the “All other free persons” column. (African Americans, Native Americans, and those of mixed blood- essentially, anyone the census taker decided didn’t look White)
  6. Ask students to study just the Deerfield section of the census report and find two names- Elihu Ashley and Charles Pain (who appears out of alphabetical order on the 2nd page at the end of the Deerfield list.) How many non-White people does each man have in his household? (Ashley- 2, Pain- 7)
  7. By piecing together information from other sources such as town histories, military records, account books, and vital records (listing births, deaths, and marriages) historians now know more about the people of color in these two households.The two people in Elihu Ashley’s home who were not White were Jin Cole and her son Cato. When she was a young woman, Jin was stolen from her home in Guinea in West Africa and sold into slavery. She and baby Cato were purchased by Mr. Ashley. They lived in his home and served the family for the rest of their lives. Jin died in 1808, and Cato died in 1825. Since slavery was never officially outlawed in Massachusetts, it is unknown whether, by the time of the 1790 census, Jin and Cato were free or still enslaved. It is likely that they were free but if so, why choose to stay with the Ashleys? (They might not have known where else to go; they might not have had the means to support themselves; the Ashleys might have treated them well enough- it is said that Jin and Mrs. Ashley were close friends; it was the only life Cato knew and Jin hadn’t known another way of life since she was young.)
  8. Charles Paine was also stolen from Africa and was first enslaved by a man in Rhode Island. In 1777, Paine purchased his freedom from his second enslaver and went off to fight in the Revolutionary War. From Deerfield town meeting notes we know that in 1789, the Paine family was warned out of town. This means they were forced to leave because Charles was too poor to support his family and the town didn’t want to help them. By the time of the 1790 census, Charles and his wife Rachel were living in Deerfield again with their 5 children.
  9.  Show the image of the basket, but cover up the label. In Memorial Hall Museum in Deerfield is an old basket that was made by an Indigenous person. Nothing else was known about it until the curator turned the basket over and found the name of the maker on the bottom with a date. She did some research and learned that the woman who made it was Abenaki and lived in Canada. How did the basket make its way to Deerfield? Memorial Hall Museum’s collections all have connections to people and places in the Deerfield area. What might be the basket’s connection? Now show the label. This basket was made for a specific person and given to her as a gift, but we know from town histories that it was common for Indigenous peoples, whether living in the area or traveling through it, to make items such as baskets to sell to White people. Read aloud this excerpt from the History of Hadley, by Sylvester Judd: [Indigenous people] sometime built a hut on the edge of the woods or an old field, and lived there… They were in Hadley… and made brooms, baskets, mats, and bottomed chairs – all done with wood made into splints. Mrs. Newton of Hadley born 1776 says [Indigenous people] peddled brooms and baskets in Hadley when she was young and after. She does not recollect that white people made or peddled brooms.

Homework Assignment:

Instruct students to write a summary paragraph in their social studies notebooks with the title “African-Americans and Native Americans in Deerfield, Massachusetts During the Years 1780-1820.” They should write about what we know and how we know it.

Assessment

homework assignment